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美国圣母大学约翰·德克新著《多民族国家的锻造:从启蒙到"一战"时期奥地利帝国的国家构建》对传统上认为奥地利帝国被改造为奥匈帝国后,陷入国内矛盾无所作为的观点提出修正。指出奥地利帝国在1780年之后,通过一系列的改革,尤其是官僚体系的现代化,尝试从多民族帝国转型为现代国家,塑造超越民族主义的国家认同,并取得一定的成效,直到第一次世界大战前后在世界范围内民族主义浪潮的冲击下帝国解体。
Abstract：As a monograph of revisionism,the late published"Forging a Multinational State: State Making in Imperial Austria from the Enlightenment to the First World War"by John Deak,assistant professor of History in University of Notre Dame,revised the traditional assumption that ever since the transition from Austrian Empire to the Dual Monarchy in 1867,the state fell in domestic contradictions,and the government did nothing to solve the problems. Deak argues with detailed elaboration that since 1780,the progressive reforms,especially those of bureaucracy modernization,though went backwards sometimes,devoted to the career of forging the multinational empire to a modern state. Vienna applied itself to a neither imperial nor nationalistic state identity in the lure of modernization,and did make considerable achievements. However,with the impact of nationalism in the 1910 s,the Empire still fell into independent states.
(1)John Deak,Forging a Multinational State:State Making in Imperial Austria from the Enlightenment to the First World War,Stanford University Press,2015.
(1)主要包括Review by John Paul Newman,English Historical Review,Vol.132,no.554,pp.174—175.Review by Rita Krueger,The American Historical Review,Vol.122,Iss.1(2017),pp.265—266.Review by Michael Carter-Sinclair,European Review of History:Revue européenne D'histoire,Vol.24,no.4(2017),pp.651—652.Review by Janek Wasserman,Canadian Journal of History,Vol.52,no.2(2017),pp.333—335.Review by John Connelly,German Studies Review,Vol.40,no.3,Oct.2017,pp.630—632.Review by Laurence Cole,The Hungarian Historical Review,Vol.5,no.3(2016),pp.705—709.Review by Alison Frank Johnson,Central European History,Vol.49,Iss.1(2016),pp.127—129.Review by Gary B.Cohen,The Journal of Modern History,Vol.89,no.2(2017),pp.469—471.Review by Rok Starger,European History Quarterly,Vol.46,Iss.4,pp.724—725等。
(2)这种转变可以追溯到更早的20世纪80年代。经济史学者在时间维度上分时期、空间维度上分省深入的考察和讨论是化解这一陈见的开端。例如David F.Good的The Economic Rise of the Habsburg Empire,1750—1914(University of California Press,1984)对Alexander Gerschenkron的An Economic Spurt that Failed:Four Lectures in Austria History[Princeton University Press,2015(1977)]的批评等。更多基于分地区经济统计数据的研究出现在2000年之后。
(3)A.J.P Taylor,The Habsburg Monarchy,1809—1918:A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary,The University of Chicago Press,1976(1948).
(4)John Deak,Forging a Multinational State,p.6.
(5)John Deak,Forging a Multinational State,p.20.
(6)正面的影响包括了运用报刊等公共媒体传达政见、制造舆论,修建基础设施、提供公共服务等,负面的影响则包括19世纪50年代弗兰茨·约瑟夫二世实行新绝对主义统治时期“警察国家”的治理模式。参见彼得·贾德森:《哈布斯堡王朝》,杨乐言译,中信出版社2017年版。
(1)以同奥地利现代国家构建最为相关的普鲁士为例,比较政治研究参见Daniel Ziblatt:Structuring the State:The Formation of Italy and Germany and the Puzzle of Federalism,Princeton University Press,2006;历史学研究参见徐健:《普鲁士改革中的乡村自治与市民社会的培育》,《史学月刊》2008年第1期。
(2)John Deak,Forging a Multinational State,pp.7,9.
(3)John Deak,Forging a Multinational State,p.9.
(4)John Deak,Forging a Multinational State,p.15.
(5)John Deak,Forging a Multinational State,pp.16,19—20,21.
(6)John Deak,Forging a Multinational State,p.30.实际上,无论从现代化进程中“帝国权威”的构建和传达,还是现代国家转型进程中改革的推行和实践,匈牙利贵族对内对外的强势和保守一再成为失败和妥协的起点。匈牙利王国在帝国中可观的人口数量和领土面积一再使得维也纳投鼠忌器。对列奥波德二世和弗朗茨二世错失趁战争动员的时机推进国家建设的批评,参见John Deak,Forging a Multinational State,pp.30—31。
(7)John Deak,Forging a Multinational State,pp.38.
(8)史蒂芬·贝莱尔:《奥地利史》,黄艳红译,中国大百科全书出版社2009年版,第133—134页。
(1)John Deak,Forging a Multinational State,pp.49,52,58.
(2)John Deak,Forging a Multinational State,pp.50—52,65—69.
(3)John Deak,Forging a Multinational State,pp.83—94.
(4)John Deak,Forging a Multinational State,pp.85,87.
(5)John Deak,Forging a Multinational State,p.93.
(6)John Deak,Forging a Multinational State,p.159.
(7)彼得·贾德森:《哈布斯堡王朝》,第97页。
(8)彼得·贾德森:《哈布斯堡王朝》,第234-239页。
(9)John Deak,Forging a Multinational State,pp.261—264.
(1)John Deak,“The Great War and the Forgotten Realm:The Habsburg Monarchy and the First World War,”The Journal of Modern History,Vol.86,no.2(2014),pp.336—380.John Deak and Jonathan E.Gumz,“How to Break a State:The Habsburg Monarchy's Internal War,”American Historical Review,Vol.122,Iss.4(2017),pp.1105—1136.
(2)John Deak,Forging a Multinational State,pp.16—17.
基本信息:
中图分类号:K521
引用信息:
[1]王子夔.奥地利帝国晚期的官僚体系改革与国家认同塑造——评《多民族国家的锻造:从启蒙到“一战”时期奥地利帝国的国家构建》[J].史林,2018,No.172(02):210-214+222.
2018-04-01
2018-04-01